SLAMseq Kits Protocol

SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits — Experimental Protocol

Source: Lexogen SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits User Guide (059UG142V0106). Method reference: Herzog VA, et al. (2017) Thiol-linked alkylation of RNA to assess expression dynamics. Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435. This file keeps only the actionable kit-component/preparation/procedure/reference-data content (legal/patent/warranty/marketing/revision-history sections removed). Four kit modules, used according to your experimental goal:

Module Cat. No. Purpose
Cell Viability Titration Module 059.24 Determine non-toxic S4U working concentration (IC10,ti) for a new cell line
S4U Incorporation Module 060.24 Measure global S4U incorporation rate by HPLC before committing to a kinetics run
Anabolic Kinetics Module 061.24 Measure RNA synthesis kinetics (short pulse-labeling)
Catabolic Kinetics Module 062.24 Measure RNA degradation kinetics (long labeling then chase with unlabeled uridine)

Critical safety/handling notes (apply throughout)


Module 1: Cell Viability Titration Module (Cat. No. 059.24)

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C):

Component Tube Volume (24 preps) Storage
4-Thiouridine (100 mM) S4U 900 µl −20 °C, protect from light
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 1,500 µl −20 °C

User-supplied: cell culture media, 50 ml vials, cell viability assay reagents/equipment (e.g. CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay).

Procedure

  1. Thaw S4U (protect from light at all times) and H2O at RT.
  2. Prepare 12 tubes wrapped in foil, each with 10 ml cell culture medium, labeled 1–12.
  3. Tube 1: add 800 µl S4U + 9.2 ml medium → 20 ml total (4,000 µM S4U). Mix well, keep foil-wrapped.
  4. Serial 1:2 dilution: transfer 10 ml from tube 1 → tube 2 (mix); 10 ml from tube 2 → tube 3; continue through tube 11. (See dilution table below for exact concentrations.)
  5. Tube 12 (no-S4U control): 800 µl H2O + 9.2 ml medium → 20 ml total.
  6. Pre-warm all 12 S4U-media dilutions to incubation temperature; remove existing media from cells and replace with the pre-warmed dilutions.
  7. Store the 12 stock tubes at 4 °C between exchanges; before each exchange, pre-warm a fresh 2.1 ml aliquot of each dilution.
  8. Exchange S4U-containing media every 3 h. Total assay duration = 2× the intended kinetics-experiment labeling duration (e.g. 12 h assay to validate a 6-h kinetics experiment).
  9. Measure cell viability per S4U concentration with an appropriate assay (e.g. CellTiter-Glo®).
  10. Plot viability vs. S4U concentration → fit a sigmoidal inhibition curve → determine IC50,ti (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) and IC10,ti (10%-inhibitory concentration = the working concentration to use in subsequent kinetics experiments).

Dilution series reference (tube volumes/concentrations):

Tube No. Volume S4U (from previous tube) Volume Media S4U Conc. (µM) S4U Conc. (log2 µM)
1 800 µl [100 mM S4U] 19.2 ml 4,000 12.0
2 10 ml [1] 10 ml 2,000 11.0
3 10 ml [2] 10 ml 1,000 10.0
4 10 ml [3] 10 ml 500 9.0
5 10 ml [4] 10 ml 250 8.0
6 10 ml [5] 10 ml 125 7.0
7 10 ml [6] 10 ml 62.5 6.0
8 10 ml [7] 10 ml 31.3 5.0
9 10 ml [8] 10 ml 15.6 4.0
10 10 ml [9] 10 ml 7.8 3.0
11 10 ml [10] 10 ml 3.9 2.0
12 none (H2O control) 0

Max replicate wells per S4U dilution, by culture volume/well:

Culture vol/well Max wells/dilution Replicates/dilution (6 h)* Replicates/dilution (12 h)*
0.2 ml 50 25 12
0.5 ml 20 10 5
1 ml 10 5 2
2 ml 5 2 1
3 ml 3 1 0

*Accounts for 2 media exchanges (6 h labeling) or 3 exchanges (12 h labeling).


Module 2: S4U Incorporation Module (Cat. No. 060.24)

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C):

Component Tube Volume (24 preps) Storage
4-Thiouridine (100 mM) S4U 1,040 µl −20 °C, protect from light
Reducing Agent RA 1,000 µl −20 °C
Carrier Substance CS 25 µl −20 °C
Elution Buffer EB 1,291 µl −20 °C
Digestion Buffer DB 468 µl −20 °C
Digestion Enzyme Mix DE 53 µl −20 °C
Sodium Acetate NA 159 µl −20 °C
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 4× 1,550 µl −20 °C
Uridine Standard (800 µM) US 260 µl −20 °C
4-Thiouridine Standard (8 µM) S4US 300 µl −20 °C, protect from light

User-supplied: cell culture media, 100% ethanol, TRIzol®, 75% ethanol, chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), acetonitrile, TEAA buffer, incubator, culture plates, 1.5 ml tubes, SpeedVac, HPLC columns/equipment.

A. S4U labeling of cultured cells

  1. Determine/confirm the cell line's IC10,ti first (Module 1), or use Appendix E reference values.
  2. Seed cells to reach desired confluence/density by the end of the experiment.
  3. Prepare media with S4U at IC10,ti (typically 50–500 µM).
  4. Replace existing media with S4U-containing media; exchange every 3 h.
  5. At each sampling time point (time points spanning up to 2× the intended labeling duration, e.g. 0/4/8/12/24 h for a 12-h kinetics design), remove media and lyse cells directly in TRIzol®. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

B. RNA isolation (avoid light exposure throughout)

  1. If frozen, thaw lysate and incubate 5 min at RT.
  2. Add 200 µl chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1) per 1 ml TRIzol® lysate.
  3. Shake vigorously 15 s; incubate 3 min RT; centrifuge 16,000×g, 15 min, 4 °C.
  4. Transfer the colorless upper aqueous phase to a new tube (careful pipetting to avoid the organic phase); measure its volume.
  5. Add 1 µl Carrier Substance (CS), 1/1,000 vol Reducing Agent (RA), and 1 vol 2-propanol; vortex.
  6. Incubate 10 min RT; centrifuge 16,000×g, 20 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  7. Wash pellet with 500 µl 75% EtOH + 0.5 µl RA; vortex; centrifuge 7,500×g, 5 min, RT; discard supernatant.
  8. Air-dry pellet 5–10 min; resuspend in 20 µl Elution Buffer (EB); incubate 10 min at 55 °C.
  9. Measure concentration by NanoDrop. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

C. Digestion to single nucleosides

  1. Mastermix: 18 µl Digestion Buffer (DB) + 2 µl Digestion Enzyme Mix (DE) per reaction.
  2. Add 20 µl DB/DE mastermix to µg-scale total RNA; bring to 130 µl with H2O.
  3. Incubate ≥16 h (overnight) at 37 °C.
  4. Add 6 µl Sodium Acetate (NA), 150 µl ice-cold 100% EtOH, 3 µl RA; vortex; incubate 10 min at −80 °C (or 10 min on dry ice, or 1 h at −20 °C).
  5. Centrifuge 12,500×g, 5 min, 4 °C; transfer supernatant to a new tube (discard pellet).
  6. Add 3 µl RA + 270 µl ice-cold 100% EtOH to the supernatant; vortex; incubate 10 min at −80 °C (or equivalent as above).
  7. Centrifuge 12,500×g, 5 min, 4 °C; transfer supernatant to a new tube.
  8. Evaporate to dryness in a vacuum concentrator (e.g. SpeedVac, V-AL setting).
  9. Resuspend in 50 µl H2O; store at −20 °C until HPLC. Safe stopping point.

D. HPLC analysis

  1. Column: Supelco Discovery C18 reverse phase (5 µm silica) or equivalent. Mobile phase A: acetonitrile + TEAA buffer; mobile phase B: acetonitrile + H2O (both user-supplied).
  2. Dilute digested sample: 25 µl RNA digest + 75 µl H2O.
  3. Thaw US and S4US tubes (do not use the S4U tube itself).
  4. Prepare 6 standard dilutions (exponentially increasing US/S4US concentration):
Standard US vol S4US vol H2O vol US final conc. S4US final conc.
Std 1 40 µl 50 µl 10 µl 320 µM 4 µM
Std 2 20 µl 25 µl 55 µl 160 µM 2 µM
Std 3 10 µl 12.50 µl 77.50 µl 80 µM 1 µM
Std 4 5 µl 6.25 µl 88.75 µl 40 µM 0.5 µM
Std 5 2.50 µl 3.12 µl 94.38 µl 20 µM 0.25 µM
Std 6 1.25 µl 1.56 µl 97.19 µl 10 µM 0.125 µM
  1. Mobile phase A: 3% acetonitrile, 0.1 M TEAA, pH 7.0 in H2O. Mobile phase B: 90% acetonitrile in H2O.
  2. Gradient (for a 250×4.6 mm Discovery C18 column; adjust for your column): 0% B for 15 min → 0–10% B over 20 min → 10–100% B over 30 min. Recommended: 5-min 100% B wash between runs. (Reference: Spitzer et al., Methods Enzymol. 2014;539:113–161 — adjust to your column.)
  3. Run standards 1–6 to build calibration curves; record chromatogram at 260 nm and, if possible, 330 nm. Elution order: Uridine (US) before S4U (S4US).
  4. Run digested RNA samples; measure absorbance at US/S4US retention times (260 nm and 330 nm). Full ribonucleoside elution order: Cytosine, Uridine, Guanine, 4-Thiouridine (S4U), Adenine.
  5. Use standard curves to convert peak areas to concentrations; % S4U incorporation = S4U / (S4U + Uridine) × 100.
  6. Plot % incorporation vs. time to obtain the incorporation-rate kinetics.

Note: If HPLC is not feasible, alkylate the same RNA with iodoacetamide (Kinetics Kit modules, Cat. 061/062) and use it directly for NGS library prep (e.g. QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2, Cat. 191–196); estimate incorporation from the T>C conversion rate in a spike-in single-read run (SR100 recommended).

Note: HPLC-measured incorporation on total RNA can underestimate true mRNA incorporation, because stable Pol I/III transcripts (rRNA, tRNA) dominate total RNA but are depleted from Pol II mRNA-seq libraries.


Module 3: Anabolic Kinetics Module (Cat. No. 061.24) — RNA synthesis rates

Short pulse-labeling; sample at logarithmic intervals (e.g. 2ⁿ × 15 min).

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C): S4U (1,040 µl), Carrier Substance CS (61 µl), Reducing Agent RA (1,000 µl), Elution Buffer EB (1,291 µl), Iodoacetamide IAA (10 mg, dissolve in 500 µl 100% EtOH), Organic Solvent OS (704 µl), Sodium Phosphate NP (133 µl), Stopping Reagent SR (31 µl), Sodium Acetate NA (159 µl), H2O (1,550 µl).

User-supplied: cell culture media, PBS, 100% ethanol, 2-propanol, TRIzol®, 75% ethanol, chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), incubator, culture plates, 1.5 ml tubes.

A. S4U labeling and sampling

  1. Seed cells for target confluence/density at experiment end.
  2. Prepare media with S4U at IC10,ti (typically 50–500 µM; from Module 1, or Appendix E).
  3. At t0, replace media with S4U-containing media; keep plates foil-wrapped.
  4. At each sampling time tx: remove media, lyse cells directly in TRIzol®. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

B. RNA isolation (avoid light exposure throughout)

Same as Module 2, section B, except: resuspend final pellet in 16 µl Elution Buffer (EB) instead of 20 µl. - Note: proceed to Iodoacetamide treatment as soon as possible after elution — S4U can become unstable over time.

C. Iodoacetamide (alkylation) treatment

  1. Dissolve 1 tube IAA in 500 µl 100% EtOH → 100 mM. Use freshly prepared IAA only; process all samples for a given experiment in parallel; do not reuse dissolved IAA.
  2. Mastermix per sample: 5 µl 100 mM IAA + 25 µl Organic Solvent (OS) + 5 µl Sodium Phosphate (NP). (NP may form salt aggregates in OS — harmless, but make a slightly larger mastermix and transfer only the supernatant.)
  3. Mix 15 µl RNA (up to 5 µg, from step B) with 35 µl IAA/OS/NP mastermix; top up to 50 µl with H2O if needed.
  4. Incubate 15 min at 50 °C.
  5. Stop with 1 µl Stopping Reagent (SR); mix. (Light exposure is OK from this point on.)
  6. Add 1 µl CS, 5 µl NA, 125 µl 100% EtOH; vortex; precipitate 30 min at −80 °C.
  7. Centrifuge 16,000×g, 30 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  8. Wash pellet with 1 ml 75% EtOH; vortex; centrifuge 16,000×g, 10 min, 4 °C.
  9. Discard supernatant; air-dry pellet 5–10 min.
  10. Resuspend in 5–10 µl H2O.
  11. Proceed to RNA QC and library prep (recommended: QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2, Cat. 191–196). Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

Module 4: Catabolic Kinetics Module (Cat. No. 062.24) — RNA degradation rates

Long S4U labeling to reach approximate steady state, then chase with excess unlabeled uridine; sample over time after the chase.

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C): S4U (1,040 µl), Uridine 500 mM (U, 2×1,287 µl), Iodoacetamide IAA (10 mg, dissolve in 500 µl 100% EtOH), Organic Solvent OS (704 µl), Sodium Phosphate NP (133 µl), H2O (1,550 µl), Reducing Agent RA (1,000 µl), Carrier Substance CS (61 µl), Elution Buffer EB (1,291 µl), Stopping Reagent SR (31 µl), Sodium Acetate NA (159 µl).

User-supplied: cell culture media, PBS, 100% ethanol, 2-propanol, TRIzol®, 75% ethanol, chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), incubator, culture plates, 1.5 ml tubes.

A. S4U labeling of cells (steady-state loading)

  1. Seed cells for target confluence/density at experiment end.
  2. Prepare media with S4U at IC10,ti (typically 50–500 µM).
  3. At t0, replace media with S4U-containing media.
  4. Incubate up to 24 h, exchanging S4U media every 3 h, foil-wrapped throughout.

B. Labeling stop and sampling

  1. Prepare "chase" media containing a 100× excess of unlabeled Uridine (U) relative to the S4U concentration used. Example: 100 µM S4U labeling → chase media needs 10 mM U; from 500 mM U stock, add 480 µl per 24 ml medium.
  2. At t0 (chase start), remove S4U media; wash cells 2× with 1× PBS (or compatible wash buffer).
  3. Add the excess-uridine chase media (foil-wrapped/dark to prevent crosslinking of already-incorporated S4U).
  4. At each sampling time tx (up to 24 h post-chase): remove media, lyse cells directly in TRIzol®. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

C. RNA isolation (avoid light exposure throughout)

Same as Module 2, section B (resuspend in 16 µl EB, as in Module 3).

D. Iodoacetamide (alkylation) treatment

Same procedure as Module 3, section C.


Appendix: reference S4U tolerance data (guideline only — confirm per cell line with Module 1)

Cell line IC10,12h IC10,24h IC50,12h IC50,24h
Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells 265 µM 55 µM 3,025 µM 380 µM
K562 myelogenous leukemia 2,046 µM 354 µM
MOLT-3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia 2,943 µM 11 µM
MOLM-13 myeloid leukemia 53 µM 15 µM
RN2 acute myeloid leukemia / Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 75 µM 50 µM 4 µM

A short 1-h exposure to 100 µM S4U is typically non-toxic for HEK, MEF, S2, OSC, and Sf9 cells.

Data analysis

Use the SLAMdunk analysis pipeline for SLAMseq sequencing data (as used in Herzog et al. 2017, Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435). Support: [email protected].

SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits — 实验操作规程(中文对照版)

来源:Lexogen SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits 用户手册(059UG142V0106)。方法参考文献:Herzog VA, et al. (2017) Thiol-linked alkylation of RNA to assess expression dynamics. Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435。 本文件仅保留可直接操作的试剂盒组分/准备/步骤/参考数据内容(已移除法律声明/专利/保修/市场介绍/修订历史等部分),与 protocol.md 一一对应,试剂名、货号、数值单位保持英文原文不译。共 4 个试剂盒模块,按实验目的选用:

模块 货号 用途
Cell Viability Titration Module(细胞活力滴定模块) 059.24 为新细胞系确定无毒的 S4U 工作浓度(IC10,ti)
S4U Incorporation Module(S4U 掺入检测模块) 060.24 在正式做动力学实验前,用 HPLC 测定整体 S4U 掺入效率
Anabolic Kinetics Module(合成动力学模块) 061.24 测量 RNA 合成动力学(短脉冲标记)
Catabolic Kinetics Module(降解动力学模块) 062.24 测量 RNA 降解动力学(长时间标记后用非标记尿苷追逐)

全程通用的关键安全/操作提示


模块 1:Cell Viability Titration Module(细胞活力滴定模块,货号 059.24)

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存):

组分 管标签 体积(24 preps) 保存条件
4-Thiouridine(100 mM) S4U 900 µl −20 °C,避光
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 1,500 µl −20 °C

用户自备: 细胞培养基、50 ml 离心管、细胞活力检测试剂及设备(如 CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay)。

操作步骤

  1. S4U(全程避光)和 H2O 于室温解冻。
  2. 准备 12 支用锡箔纸包裹的离心管,每管加入 10 ml 细胞培养基,编号 1–12。
  3. 1 号管:加入 800 µl S4U + 9.2 ml 培养基 → 总体积 20 ml(4,000 µM S4U)。混匀,保持锡箔包裹。
  4. 进行 1:2 系列稀释:从 1 号管取 10 ml 转入 2 号管(混匀);从 2 号管取 10 ml 转入 3 号管;依此类推直至 11 号管(具体浓度见下方稀释表)。
  5. 12 号管(不含 S4U 对照):加入 800 µl H2O + 9.2 ml 培养基 → 总体积 20 ml。
  6. 将全部 12 个 S4U 稀释培养基预热至孵育温度;移去细胞原有培养基,换成预热后的相应稀释液。
  7. 12 支母管之间的换液间隔期,置于 4 °C 保存;每次换液前,取各稀释液新鲜 2.1 ml 分装预热。
  8. 每 3 小时更换一次含 S4U 的培养基。 总检测时长 = 拟进行的动力学实验标记时长的 2 倍(例如用 12 h 检测来验证 6 h 动力学实验)。
  9. 用合适的检测方法(如 CellTiter-Glo®)测定各 S4U 浓度下的细胞活力。
  10. 绘制细胞活力 vs. S4U 浓度曲线 → 用 S 形曲线拟合 → 确定 IC50,ti(半数抑制浓度)和 IC10,ti(10% 抑制浓度,即后续动力学实验应使用的工作浓度)。

稀释系列参考(各管体积/浓度):

管号 取自上一管的体积 培养基体积 S4U 浓度(µM) S4U 浓度(log2 µM)
1 800 µl [100 mM S4U] 19.2 ml 4,000 12.0
2 10 ml [1] 10 ml 2,000 11.0
3 10 ml [2] 10 ml 1,000 10.0
4 10 ml [3] 10 ml 500 9.0
5 10 ml [4] 10 ml 250 8.0
6 10 ml [5] 10 ml 125 7.0
7 10 ml [6] 10 ml 62.5 6.0
8 10 ml [7] 10 ml 31.3 5.0
9 10 ml [8] 10 ml 15.6 4.0
10 10 ml [9] 10 ml 7.8 3.0
11 10 ml [10] 10 ml 3.9 2.0
12 无(H2O 对照) 0

每个 S4U 稀释度对应的最大重复孔数(按每孔培养体积):

每孔培养体积 每个稀释度最大孔数 每个稀释度重复数(6 h)* 每个稀释度重复数(12 h)*
0.2 ml 50 25 12
0.5 ml 20 10 5
1 ml 10 5 2
2 ml 5 2 1
3 ml 3 1 0

*按 6 h 标记需换液 2 次、12 h 标记需换液 3 次计算。


模块 2:S4U Incorporation Module(S4U 掺入检测模块,货号 060.24)

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存):

组分 管标签 体积(24 preps) 保存条件
4-Thiouridine(100 mM) S4U 1,040 µl −20 °C,避光
Reducing Agent RA 1,000 µl −20 °C
Carrier Substance CS 25 µl −20 °C
Elution Buffer EB 1,291 µl −20 °C
Digestion Buffer DB 468 µl −20 °C
Digestion Enzyme Mix DE 53 µl −20 °C
Sodium Acetate NA 159 µl −20 °C
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 4× 1,550 µl −20 °C
Uridine Standard(800 µM) US 260 µl −20 °C
4-Thiouridine Standard(8 µM) S4US 300 µl −20 °C,避光

用户自备: 细胞培养基、100% 乙醇、TRIzol®、75% 乙醇、氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)、乙腈、TEAA 缓冲液、培养箱、培养板、1.5 ml 离心管、SpeedVac、HPLC 柱及设备。

A. 培养细胞的 S4U 标记

  1. 先用模块 1 确定/确认该细胞系的 IC10,ti,或参考 Appendix E 数据。
  2. 提前接种细胞,使其在实验结束时达到目标融合度/密度。
  3. 配制含 S4U 的培养基,浓度为 IC10,ti(通常 50–500 µM)。
  4. 移去原有培养基,换成含 S4U 的培养基;每 3 小时更换一次
  5. 在每个采样时间点(时间点跨度可达拟标记时长的 2 倍,例如 12 h 动力学设计取 0/4/8/12/24 h):移去培养基,直接用 TRIzol® 裂解细胞。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

B. RNA 提取(全程避光)

  1. 若样本已冷冻,解冻裂解液并于室温孵育 5 min。
  2. 每 1 ml TRIzol® 裂解液加入 200 µl 氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)。
  3. 剧烈振荡 15 s;室温孵育 3 min;16,000×g、15 min、4 °C 离心。
  4. 将无色上层水相转移至新管(小心移液避免吸入下层有机相);测量水相体积。
  5. 向水相中加入 1 µl Carrier Substance(CS)、1/1,000 体积 Reducing Agent(RA)和 1 倍体积异丙醇;涡旋混匀。
  6. 室温孵育 10 min;16,000×g、20 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  7. 用 500 µl 75% 乙醇 + 0.5 µl RA 洗涤沉淀;涡旋;7,500×g、5 min、室温离心;弃上清。
  8. 风干沉淀 5–10 min;用 20 µl Elution Buffer(EB)重悬;55 °C 孵育 10 min。
  9. 用 NanoDrop 测浓度。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

C. 消化为单核苷

  1. Mastermix:每反应 18 µl Digestion Buffer(DB)+ 2 µl Digestion Enzyme Mix(DE)。
  2. 将 20 µl DB/DE mastermix 加入 µg 级总 RNA 中;用 H2O 补至 130 µl。
  3. 37 °C 孵育 ≥16 h(过夜)。
  4. 加入 6 µl Sodium Acetate(NA)、150 µl 冰冷 100% 乙醇、3 µl RA;涡旋;−80 °C 孵育 10 min(或干冰上 10 min,或 −20 °C 1 h)。
  5. 12,500×g、5 min、4 °C 离心;将上清转移至新管(弃沉淀)。
  6. 向上清中加入 3 µl RA + 270 µl 冰冷 100% 乙醇;涡旋;−80 °C 孵育 10 min(或同上替代方案)。
  7. 12,500×g、5 min、4 °C 离心;将上清转移至新管。
  8. 用真空浓缩仪(如 SpeedVac,V-AL 挡)将上清蒸干。
  9. 用 50 µl H2O 重悬;−20 °C 保存至 HPLC 分析。安全暂停点。

D. HPLC 分析

  1. 色谱柱:Supelco Discovery C18 反相柱(5 µm 硅胶颗粒)或同等规格。流动相 A:乙腈 + TEAA 缓冲液;流动相 B:乙腈 + H2O(均由用户自备)。
  2. 稀释消化样本:取 25 µl RNA 消化产物 + 75 µl H2O
  3. 解冻 USS4US 管(切勿使用 S4U 原管)。
  4. 配制 6 个浓度呈指数递增的标准品稀释液:
标准品 US 体积 S4US 体积 H2O 体积 US 终浓度 S4US 终浓度
Std 1 40 µl 50 µl 10 µl 320 µM 4 µM
Std 2 20 µl 25 µl 55 µl 160 µM 2 µM
Std 3 10 µl 12.50 µl 77.50 µl 80 µM 1 µM
Std 4 5 µl 6.25 µl 88.75 µl 40 µM 0.5 µM
Std 5 2.50 µl 3.12 µl 94.38 µl 20 µM 0.25 µM
Std 6 1.25 µl 1.56 µl 97.19 µl 10 µM 0.125 µM
  1. 流动相 A:3% 乙腈,0.1 M TEAA,pH 7.0(溶于 H2O)。流动相 B:90% 乙腈(溶于 H2O)。
  2. 梯度(针对 250×4.6 mm Discovery C18 柱;请根据实际柱型调整):0% B 保持 15 min → 0–10% B 递增 20 min → 10–100% B 递增 30 min。建议每次运行间用 5 min 100% B 冲洗。(参考文献:Spitzer et al., Methods Enzymol. 2014;539:113–161 ——须根据实际柱型调整。)
  3. 依次进样标准品 1–6 建立校准曲线;记录 260 nm、若可能也记录 330 nm 的色谱图。出峰顺序为先 Uridine(US)后 S4U(S4US)。
  4. 依次进样消化后的 RNA 样本;在 260 nm 和 330 nm 测定 US/S4US 保留时间处的吸光度。全部核苷出峰顺序为:Cytosine、Uridine、Guanine、4-Thiouridine(S4U)、Adenine。
  5. 用标准曲线将峰面积换算为浓度;S4U 掺入百分比 = S4U / (S4U + Uridine) × 100
  6. 绘制掺入百分比 vs. 时间曲线,得到掺入速率动力学。

说明: 若无法进行 HPLC 分析,可将同一份 RNA 用碘乙酰胺进行烷基化处理(Kinetics Kit 模块,货号 061/062),处理后的 RNA 可直接用于 NGS 建库(如 QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2,货号 191–196);可通过在常规单端测序(推荐 SR100 读长)中作为 spike-in 样本,测量 T>C 转换频率来评估 S4U 掺入率。

说明: 由于稳定的 RNA 聚合酶 I/III 转录本(如 rRNA、tRNA)在总 RNA 中占比过高,而在 RNA 聚合酶 II 特异性的 mRNA-seq 文库中被去除,因此基于单核苷消化总 RNA 的 HPLC 检测结果可能会低估真实的 mRNA 掺入率。


模块 3:Anabolic Kinetics Module(合成动力学模块,货号 061.24)—— RNA 合成速率

短脉冲标记;按对数间隔采样(例如 2ⁿ × 15 min)。

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存): S4U(1,040 µl)、Carrier Substance CS(61 µl)、Reducing Agent RA(1,000 µl)、Elution Buffer EB(1,291 µl)、Iodoacetamide IAA(10 mg,溶于 500 µl 100% 乙醇)、Organic Solvent OS(704 µl)、Sodium Phosphate NP(133 µl)、Stopping Reagent SR(31 µl)、Sodium Acetate NA(159 µl)、H2O(1,550 µl)。

用户自备: 细胞培养基、PBS、100% 乙醇、异丙醇、TRIzol®、75% 乙醇、氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)、培养箱、培养板、1.5 ml 离心管。

A. 细胞的 S4U 标记与采样

  1. 提前接种细胞,使其在实验结束时达到目标融合度/密度。
  2. 配制含 S4U 的培养基,浓度为 IC10,ti(通常 50–500 µM;来自模块 1 或参考 Appendix E)。
  3. 于 t0 时刻,将培养基替换为含 S4U 的培养基;保持培养板锡箔包裹。
  4. 于每个采样时间点 tx:移去培养基,直接用 TRIzol® 裂解细胞。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

B. RNA 提取(全程避光)

操作与模块 2 的 B 部分相同,唯一区别:最终沉淀用 16 µl Elution Buffer(EB)重悬(而非 20 µl)。 - 说明:洗脱后应尽快进行碘乙酰胺处理——S4U 会随时间推移变得不稳定。

C. 碘乙酰胺(烷基化)处理

  1. 将 1 管 IAA 溶于 500 µl 100% 乙醇 → 100 mM。仅使用新鲜配制的 IAA;同一实验的全部样本须平行处理;已溶解的碘乙酰胺不可重复使用。
  2. 每样本 mastermix:5 µl 100 mM IAA + 25 µl Organic Solvent(OS)+ 5 µl Sodium Phosphate(NP)。(NP 加入 OS 中可能形成盐聚集,不影响后续反应,但建议多配一些 mastermix,只取上清用于反应。)
  3. 将 15 µl RNA(最多 5 µg,来自 B 部分)与 35 µl IAA/OS/NP mastermix 混合;如需要,用 H2O 补至总体积 50 µl。
  4. 50 °C 孵育 15 min。
  5. 加入 1 µl Stopping Reagent(SR)终止反应;混匀。(此步之后可正常见光。)
  6. 加入 1 µl CS、5 µl NA、125 µl 100% 乙醇;涡旋;−80 °C 沉淀 30 min。
  7. 16,000×g、30 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  8. 用 1 ml 75% 乙醇洗涤沉淀;涡旋;16,000×g、10 min、4 °C 离心。
  9. 弃上清,风干沉淀 5–10 min。
  10. 用 5–10 µl H2O 重悬。
  11. 进行 RNA 质控和文库制备(推荐 QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2,货号 191–196)。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

模块 4:Catabolic Kinetics Module(降解动力学模块,货号 062.24)—— RNA 降解速率

长时间 S4U 标记以达到近似稳态,随后用过量非标记尿苷进行追逐(chase),并在追逐后按时间序列采样。

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存): S4U(1,040 µl)、Uridine 500 mM(U,2× 1,287 µl)、Iodoacetamide IAA(10 mg,溶于 500 µl 100% 乙醇)、Organic Solvent OS(704 µl)、Sodium Phosphate NP(133 µl)、H2O(1,550 µl)、Reducing Agent RA(1,000 µl)、Carrier Substance CS(61 µl)、Elution Buffer EB(1,291 µl)、Stopping Reagent SR(31 µl)、Sodium Acetate NA(159 µl)。

用户自备: 细胞培养基、PBS、100% 乙醇、异丙醇、TRIzol®、75% 乙醇、氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)、培养箱、培养板、1.5 ml 离心管。

A. 细胞的 S4U 标记(达到稳态负载)

  1. 提前接种细胞,使其在实验结束时达到目标融合度/密度。
  2. 配制含 S4U 的培养基,浓度为 IC10,ti(通常 50–500 µM)。
  3. 于 t0 时刻,将培养基替换为含 S4U 的培养基。
  4. 孵育最长 24 h,每 3 小时更换一次含 S4U 的培养基,全程锡箔包裹。

B. 终止标记与采样

  1. 配制"追逐"培养基,其中含有相对于标记时所用 S4U 浓度 100 倍过量的非标记尿苷(U)示例:若标记时用 100 µM S4U,则追逐培养基需含 10 mM U;用 500 mM U 母液配制时,每 24 ml 培养基中加入 480 µl。
  2. 于 t0(追逐起始)时刻,移去含 S4U 的培养基;用 1× PBS(或兼容的细胞洗涤缓冲液)洗涤细胞 2 次。
  3. 加入含过量尿苷的追逐培养基(保持锡箔包裹/避光,防止已掺入的 S4U 发生交联)。
  4. 于每个采样时间点 tx(追逐后最长 24 h):移去培养基,直接用 TRIzol® 裂解细胞。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

C. RNA 提取(全程避光)

与模块 2 的 B 部分相同(用 16 µl EB 重悬,同模块 3)。

D. 碘乙酰胺(烷基化)处理

操作与模块 3 的 C 部分相同。


Appendix:S4U 耐受性参考数据(仅供参考——请用模块 1 为每个细胞系单独确认)

细胞系 IC10,12h IC10,24h IC50,12h IC50,24h
小鼠胚胎干细胞(mES) 265 µM 55 µM 3,025 µM 380 µM
K562 慢性髓性白血病细胞 2,046 µM 354 µM
MOLT-3 急性淋巴细胞白血病 2,943 µM 11 µM
MOLM-13 髓系白血病细胞 53 µM 15 µM
RN2 急性髓系白血病细胞 / Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 75 µM 50 µM 4 µM

对 HEK、MEF、S2、OSC、Sf9 等常见细胞系,短时间(1 h)100 µM S4U 处理通常无毒性。

数据分析

推荐使用 SLAMdunk 分析流程处理 SLAMseq 测序数据(同 Herzog et al. 2017, Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435 中所用方法)。技术支持:[email protected]

SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits — Experimental Protocol

Source: Lexogen SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits User Guide (059UG142V0106). Method reference: Herzog VA, et al. (2017) Thiol-linked alkylation of RNA to assess expression dynamics. Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435. This file keeps only the actionable kit-component/preparation/procedure/reference-data content (legal/patent/warranty/marketing/revision-history sections removed). Four kit modules, used according to your experimental goal:

Module Cat. No. Purpose
Cell Viability Titration Module 059.24 Determine non-toxic S4U working concentration (IC10,ti) for a new cell line
S4U Incorporation Module 060.24 Measure global S4U incorporation rate by HPLC before committing to a kinetics run
Anabolic Kinetics Module 061.24 Measure RNA synthesis kinetics (short pulse-labeling)
Catabolic Kinetics Module 062.24 Measure RNA degradation kinetics (long labeling then chase with unlabeled uridine)

SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits — 实验操作规程(中文对照版)

来源:Lexogen SLAMseq Explorer and Kinetics Kits 用户手册(059UG142V0106)。方法参考文献:Herzog VA, et al. (2017) Thiol-linked alkylation of RNA to assess expression dynamics. Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435。 本文件仅保留可直接操作的试剂盒组分/准备/步骤/参考数据内容(已移除法律声明/专利/保修/市场介绍/修订历史等部分),与 protocol.md 一一对应,试剂名、货号、数值单位保持英文原文不译。共 4 个试剂盒模块,按实验目的选用:

模块 货号 用途
Cell Viability Titration Module(细胞活力滴定模块) 059.24 为新细胞系确定无毒的 S4U 工作浓度(IC10,ti)
S4U Incorporation Module(S4U 掺入检测模块) 060.24 在正式做动力学实验前,用 HPLC 测定整体 S4U 掺入效率
Anabolic Kinetics Module(合成动力学模块) 061.24 测量 RNA 合成动力学(短脉冲标记)
Catabolic Kinetics Module(降解动力学模块) 062.24 测量 RNA 降解动力学(长时间标记后用非标记尿苷追逐)

Critical safety/handling notes (apply throughout)

  • S4U is highly light-sensitive and can crosslink (absorbance max 330 nm, extends to 400 nm). Keep cells and all S4U-containing samples/media in the dark: turn off hood lights, minimize incubator door opening during labeling, wrap plates/tubes in foil, work under red light where possible.
  • Store S4U at −20 °C, avoid freeze–thaw cycles.
  • Exchange S4U-containing media every 3 h during any labeling step — incorporation rate drops with time on stale S4U media.
  • Reducing Agent (RA) must be present throughout RNA isolation to keep S4U reduced: 1/1,000 vol in isolation/wash buffers, 1/100 vol in elution/storage buffers. If required volume is <1 µl, pre-dilute RA 1:10 in H2O.
  • When making mastermixes, always include a 10% surplus per reaction.
  • TRIzol® is hazardous — consult MSDS, use appropriate PPE/fume hood/waste disposal.
  • Determine each cell line's own IC10,ti with the Cell Viability Titration Module before running kinetics — S4U toxicity/uptake is cell-type dependent (reference values in Appendix E below are guidelines only). A short (1 h) 100 µM S4U exposure is typically non-toxic for common lines (HEK, MEF, S2, OSC, Sf9).

全程通用的关键安全/操作提示

  • S4U 对光高度敏感且会发生交联(最大吸收波长 330 nm,条件不同可延伸至 400 nm)。所有含 S4U 的细胞和样品应始终避光:关闭超净台照明、标记期间尽量减少打开培养箱、用锡箔纸包裹培养板/离心管、尽可能在红光下操作。
  • S4U 应于 −20 °C 保存,避免反复冻融。
  • 任何标记步骤中,每 3 小时更换一次含 S4U 的培养基——S4U 培养基放置过久会导致掺入效率下降。
  • RNA 提取全程须维持 还原剂(RA) 以保持 S4U 处于还原态:提取/洗涤缓冲液中加入 1/1,000 体积,洗脱/保存缓冲液中加入 1/100 体积。若所需体积 <1 µl,先用 H2O 将 RA 按 1:10 稀释。
  • 配制 mastermix 时,务必按每反应 10% 富余量配制。
  • TRIzol® 具有危险性——使用前请查阅 MSDS,采取适当防护措施/通风橱操作/废弃物处理。
  • 在正式做动力学实验前,应先用 Cell Viability Titration Module 为每个细胞系单独确定 IC10,ti——S4U 的毒性/摄取效率因细胞类型而异(下文 Appendix 中的参考值仅供参考)。对于常见细胞系(HEK、MEF、S2、OSC、Sf9),短时间(1 h)100 µM S4U 处理通常无毒性。

Module 1: Cell Viability Titration Module (Cat. No. 059.24)

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C):

Component Tube Volume (24 preps) Storage
4-Thiouridine (100 mM) S4U 900 µl −20 °C, protect from light
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 1,500 µl −20 °C

User-supplied: cell culture media, 50 ml vials, cell viability assay reagents/equipment (e.g. CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay).

模块 1:Cell Viability Titration Module(细胞活力滴定模块,货号 059.24)

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存):

组分 管标签 体积(24 preps) 保存条件
4-Thiouridine(100 mM) S4U 900 µl −20 °C,避光
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 1,500 µl −20 °C

用户自备: 细胞培养基、50 ml 离心管、细胞活力检测试剂及设备(如 CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay)。

Procedure

  1. Thaw S4U (protect from light at all times) and H2O at RT.
  2. Prepare 12 tubes wrapped in foil, each with 10 ml cell culture medium, labeled 1–12.
  3. Tube 1: add 800 µl S4U + 9.2 ml medium → 20 ml total (4,000 µM S4U). Mix well, keep foil-wrapped.
  4. Serial 1:2 dilution: transfer 10 ml from tube 1 → tube 2 (mix); 10 ml from tube 2 → tube 3; continue through tube 11. (See dilution table below for exact concentrations.)
  5. Tube 12 (no-S4U control): 800 µl H2O + 9.2 ml medium → 20 ml total.
  6. Pre-warm all 12 S4U-media dilutions to incubation temperature; remove existing media from cells and replace with the pre-warmed dilutions.
  7. Store the 12 stock tubes at 4 °C between exchanges; before each exchange, pre-warm a fresh 2.1 ml aliquot of each dilution.
  8. Exchange S4U-containing media every 3 h. Total assay duration = 2× the intended kinetics-experiment labeling duration (e.g. 12 h assay to validate a 6-h kinetics experiment).
  9. Measure cell viability per S4U concentration with an appropriate assay (e.g. CellTiter-Glo®).
  10. Plot viability vs. S4U concentration → fit a sigmoidal inhibition curve → determine IC50,ti (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) and IC10,ti (10%-inhibitory concentration = the working concentration to use in subsequent kinetics experiments).

Dilution series reference (tube volumes/concentrations):

Tube No. Volume S4U (from previous tube) Volume Media S4U Conc. (µM) S4U Conc. (log2 µM)
1 800 µl [100 mM S4U] 19.2 ml 4,000 12.0
2 10 ml [1] 10 ml 2,000 11.0
3 10 ml [2] 10 ml 1,000 10.0
4 10 ml [3] 10 ml 500 9.0
5 10 ml [4] 10 ml 250 8.0
6 10 ml [5] 10 ml 125 7.0
7 10 ml [6] 10 ml 62.5 6.0
8 10 ml [7] 10 ml 31.3 5.0
9 10 ml [8] 10 ml 15.6 4.0
10 10 ml [9] 10 ml 7.8 3.0
11 10 ml [10] 10 ml 3.9 2.0
12 none (H2O control) 0

Max replicate wells per S4U dilution, by culture volume/well:

Culture vol/well Max wells/dilution Replicates/dilution (6 h)* Replicates/dilution (12 h)*
0.2 ml 50 25 12
0.5 ml 20 10 5
1 ml 10 5 2
2 ml 5 2 1
3 ml 3 1 0

*Accounts for 2 media exchanges (6 h labeling) or 3 exchanges (12 h labeling).


操作步骤

  1. S4U(全程避光)和 H2O 于室温解冻。
  2. 准备 12 支用锡箔纸包裹的离心管,每管加入 10 ml 细胞培养基,编号 1–12。
  3. 1 号管:加入 800 µl S4U + 9.2 ml 培养基 → 总体积 20 ml(4,000 µM S4U)。混匀,保持锡箔包裹。
  4. 进行 1:2 系列稀释:从 1 号管取 10 ml 转入 2 号管(混匀);从 2 号管取 10 ml 转入 3 号管;依此类推直至 11 号管(具体浓度见下方稀释表)。
  5. 12 号管(不含 S4U 对照):加入 800 µl H2O + 9.2 ml 培养基 → 总体积 20 ml。
  6. 将全部 12 个 S4U 稀释培养基预热至孵育温度;移去细胞原有培养基,换成预热后的相应稀释液。
  7. 12 支母管之间的换液间隔期,置于 4 °C 保存;每次换液前,取各稀释液新鲜 2.1 ml 分装预热。
  8. 每 3 小时更换一次含 S4U 的培养基。 总检测时长 = 拟进行的动力学实验标记时长的 2 倍(例如用 12 h 检测来验证 6 h 动力学实验)。
  9. 用合适的检测方法(如 CellTiter-Glo®)测定各 S4U 浓度下的细胞活力。
  10. 绘制细胞活力 vs. S4U 浓度曲线 → 用 S 形曲线拟合 → 确定 IC50,ti(半数抑制浓度)和 IC10,ti(10% 抑制浓度,即后续动力学实验应使用的工作浓度)。

稀释系列参考(各管体积/浓度):

管号 取自上一管的体积 培养基体积 S4U 浓度(µM) S4U 浓度(log2 µM)
1 800 µl [100 mM S4U] 19.2 ml 4,000 12.0
2 10 ml [1] 10 ml 2,000 11.0
3 10 ml [2] 10 ml 1,000 10.0
4 10 ml [3] 10 ml 500 9.0
5 10 ml [4] 10 ml 250 8.0
6 10 ml [5] 10 ml 125 7.0
7 10 ml [6] 10 ml 62.5 6.0
8 10 ml [7] 10 ml 31.3 5.0
9 10 ml [8] 10 ml 15.6 4.0
10 10 ml [9] 10 ml 7.8 3.0
11 10 ml [10] 10 ml 3.9 2.0
12 无(H2O 对照) 0

每个 S4U 稀释度对应的最大重复孔数(按每孔培养体积):

每孔培养体积 每个稀释度最大孔数 每个稀释度重复数(6 h)* 每个稀释度重复数(12 h)*
0.2 ml 50 25 12
0.5 ml 20 10 5
1 ml 10 5 2
2 ml 5 2 1
3 ml 3 1 0

*按 6 h 标记需换液 2 次、12 h 标记需换液 3 次计算。


Module 2: S4U Incorporation Module (Cat. No. 060.24)

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C):

Component Tube Volume (24 preps) Storage
4-Thiouridine (100 mM) S4U 1,040 µl −20 °C, protect from light
Reducing Agent RA 1,000 µl −20 °C
Carrier Substance CS 25 µl −20 °C
Elution Buffer EB 1,291 µl −20 °C
Digestion Buffer DB 468 µl −20 °C
Digestion Enzyme Mix DE 53 µl −20 °C
Sodium Acetate NA 159 µl −20 °C
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 4× 1,550 µl −20 °C
Uridine Standard (800 µM) US 260 µl −20 °C
4-Thiouridine Standard (8 µM) S4US 300 µl −20 °C, protect from light

User-supplied: cell culture media, 100% ethanol, TRIzol®, 75% ethanol, chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), acetonitrile, TEAA buffer, incubator, culture plates, 1.5 ml tubes, SpeedVac, HPLC columns/equipment.

模块 2:S4U Incorporation Module(S4U 掺入检测模块,货号 060.24)

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存):

组分 管标签 体积(24 preps) 保存条件
4-Thiouridine(100 mM) S4U 1,040 µl −20 °C,避光
Reducing Agent RA 1,000 µl −20 °C
Carrier Substance CS 25 µl −20 °C
Elution Buffer EB 1,291 µl −20 °C
Digestion Buffer DB 468 µl −20 °C
Digestion Enzyme Mix DE 53 µl −20 °C
Sodium Acetate NA 159 µl −20 °C
Molecular Biology Grade Water H2O 4× 1,550 µl −20 °C
Uridine Standard(800 µM) US 260 µl −20 °C
4-Thiouridine Standard(8 µM) S4US 300 µl −20 °C,避光

用户自备: 细胞培养基、100% 乙醇、TRIzol®、75% 乙醇、氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)、乙腈、TEAA 缓冲液、培养箱、培养板、1.5 ml 离心管、SpeedVac、HPLC 柱及设备。

A. S4U labeling of cultured cells

  1. Determine/confirm the cell line's IC10,ti first (Module 1), or use Appendix E reference values.
  2. Seed cells to reach desired confluence/density by the end of the experiment.
  3. Prepare media with S4U at IC10,ti (typically 50–500 µM).
  4. Replace existing media with S4U-containing media; exchange every 3 h.
  5. At each sampling time point (time points spanning up to 2× the intended labeling duration, e.g. 0/4/8/12/24 h for a 12-h kinetics design), remove media and lyse cells directly in TRIzol®. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

A. 培养细胞的 S4U 标记

  1. 先用模块 1 确定/确认该细胞系的 IC10,ti,或参考 Appendix E 数据。
  2. 提前接种细胞,使其在实验结束时达到目标融合度/密度。
  3. 配制含 S4U 的培养基,浓度为 IC10,ti(通常 50–500 µM)。
  4. 移去原有培养基,换成含 S4U 的培养基;每 3 小时更换一次
  5. 在每个采样时间点(时间点跨度可达拟标记时长的 2 倍,例如 12 h 动力学设计取 0/4/8/12/24 h):移去培养基,直接用 TRIzol® 裂解细胞。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

B. RNA isolation (avoid light exposure throughout)

  1. If frozen, thaw lysate and incubate 5 min at RT.
  2. Add 200 µl chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1) per 1 ml TRIzol® lysate.
  3. Shake vigorously 15 s; incubate 3 min RT; centrifuge 16,000×g, 15 min, 4 °C.
  4. Transfer the colorless upper aqueous phase to a new tube (careful pipetting to avoid the organic phase); measure its volume.
  5. Add 1 µl Carrier Substance (CS), 1/1,000 vol Reducing Agent (RA), and 1 vol 2-propanol; vortex.
  6. Incubate 10 min RT; centrifuge 16,000×g, 20 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  7. Wash pellet with 500 µl 75% EtOH + 0.5 µl RA; vortex; centrifuge 7,500×g, 5 min, RT; discard supernatant.
  8. Air-dry pellet 5–10 min; resuspend in 20 µl Elution Buffer (EB); incubate 10 min at 55 °C.
  9. Measure concentration by NanoDrop. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

B. RNA 提取(全程避光)

  1. 若样本已冷冻,解冻裂解液并于室温孵育 5 min。
  2. 每 1 ml TRIzol® 裂解液加入 200 µl 氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)。
  3. 剧烈振荡 15 s;室温孵育 3 min;16,000×g、15 min、4 °C 离心。
  4. 将无色上层水相转移至新管(小心移液避免吸入下层有机相);测量水相体积。
  5. 向水相中加入 1 µl Carrier Substance(CS)、1/1,000 体积 Reducing Agent(RA)和 1 倍体积异丙醇;涡旋混匀。
  6. 室温孵育 10 min;16,000×g、20 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  7. 用 500 µl 75% 乙醇 + 0.5 µl RA 洗涤沉淀;涡旋;7,500×g、5 min、室温离心;弃上清。
  8. 风干沉淀 5–10 min;用 20 µl Elution Buffer(EB)重悬;55 °C 孵育 10 min。
  9. 用 NanoDrop 测浓度。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

C. Digestion to single nucleosides

  1. Mastermix: 18 µl Digestion Buffer (DB) + 2 µl Digestion Enzyme Mix (DE) per reaction.
  2. Add 20 µl DB/DE mastermix to µg-scale total RNA; bring to 130 µl with H2O.
  3. Incubate ≥16 h (overnight) at 37 °C.
  4. Add 6 µl Sodium Acetate (NA), 150 µl ice-cold 100% EtOH, 3 µl RA; vortex; incubate 10 min at −80 °C (or 10 min on dry ice, or 1 h at −20 °C).
  5. Centrifuge 12,500×g, 5 min, 4 °C; transfer supernatant to a new tube (discard pellet).
  6. Add 3 µl RA + 270 µl ice-cold 100% EtOH to the supernatant; vortex; incubate 10 min at −80 °C (or equivalent as above).
  7. Centrifuge 12,500×g, 5 min, 4 °C; transfer supernatant to a new tube.
  8. Evaporate to dryness in a vacuum concentrator (e.g. SpeedVac, V-AL setting).
  9. Resuspend in 50 µl H2O; store at −20 °C until HPLC. Safe stopping point.

C. 消化为单核苷

  1. Mastermix:每反应 18 µl Digestion Buffer(DB)+ 2 µl Digestion Enzyme Mix(DE)。
  2. 将 20 µl DB/DE mastermix 加入 µg 级总 RNA 中;用 H2O 补至 130 µl。
  3. 37 °C 孵育 ≥16 h(过夜)。
  4. 加入 6 µl Sodium Acetate(NA)、150 µl 冰冷 100% 乙醇、3 µl RA;涡旋;−80 °C 孵育 10 min(或干冰上 10 min,或 −20 °C 1 h)。
  5. 12,500×g、5 min、4 °C 离心;将上清转移至新管(弃沉淀)。
  6. 向上清中加入 3 µl RA + 270 µl 冰冷 100% 乙醇;涡旋;−80 °C 孵育 10 min(或同上替代方案)。
  7. 12,500×g、5 min、4 °C 离心;将上清转移至新管。
  8. 用真空浓缩仪(如 SpeedVac,V-AL 挡)将上清蒸干。
  9. 用 50 µl H2O 重悬;−20 °C 保存至 HPLC 分析。安全暂停点。

D. HPLC analysis

  1. Column: Supelco Discovery C18 reverse phase (5 µm silica) or equivalent. Mobile phase A: acetonitrile + TEAA buffer; mobile phase B: acetonitrile + H2O (both user-supplied).
  2. Dilute digested sample: 25 µl RNA digest + 75 µl H2O.
  3. Thaw US and S4US tubes (do not use the S4U tube itself).
  4. Prepare 6 standard dilutions (exponentially increasing US/S4US concentration):
Standard US vol S4US vol H2O vol US final conc. S4US final conc.
Std 1 40 µl 50 µl 10 µl 320 µM 4 µM
Std 2 20 µl 25 µl 55 µl 160 µM 2 µM
Std 3 10 µl 12.50 µl 77.50 µl 80 µM 1 µM
Std 4 5 µl 6.25 µl 88.75 µl 40 µM 0.5 µM
Std 5 2.50 µl 3.12 µl 94.38 µl 20 µM 0.25 µM
Std 6 1.25 µl 1.56 µl 97.19 µl 10 µM 0.125 µM
  1. Mobile phase A: 3% acetonitrile, 0.1 M TEAA, pH 7.0 in H2O. Mobile phase B: 90% acetonitrile in H2O.
  2. Gradient (for a 250×4.6 mm Discovery C18 column; adjust for your column): 0% B for 15 min → 0–10% B over 20 min → 10–100% B over 30 min. Recommended: 5-min 100% B wash between runs. (Reference: Spitzer et al., Methods Enzymol. 2014;539:113–161 — adjust to your column.)
  3. Run standards 1–6 to build calibration curves; record chromatogram at 260 nm and, if possible, 330 nm. Elution order: Uridine (US) before S4U (S4US).
  4. Run digested RNA samples; measure absorbance at US/S4US retention times (260 nm and 330 nm). Full ribonucleoside elution order: Cytosine, Uridine, Guanine, 4-Thiouridine (S4U), Adenine.
  5. Use standard curves to convert peak areas to concentrations; % S4U incorporation = S4U / (S4U + Uridine) × 100.
  6. Plot % incorporation vs. time to obtain the incorporation-rate kinetics.

Note: If HPLC is not feasible, alkylate the same RNA with iodoacetamide (Kinetics Kit modules, Cat. 061/062) and use it directly for NGS library prep (e.g. QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2, Cat. 191–196); estimate incorporation from the T>C conversion rate in a spike-in single-read run (SR100 recommended).

Note: HPLC-measured incorporation on total RNA can underestimate true mRNA incorporation, because stable Pol I/III transcripts (rRNA, tRNA) dominate total RNA but are depleted from Pol II mRNA-seq libraries.


D. HPLC 分析

  1. 色谱柱:Supelco Discovery C18 反相柱(5 µm 硅胶颗粒)或同等规格。流动相 A:乙腈 + TEAA 缓冲液;流动相 B:乙腈 + H2O(均由用户自备)。
  2. 稀释消化样本:取 25 µl RNA 消化产物 + 75 µl H2O
  3. 解冻 USS4US 管(切勿使用 S4U 原管)。
  4. 配制 6 个浓度呈指数递增的标准品稀释液:
标准品 US 体积 S4US 体积 H2O 体积 US 终浓度 S4US 终浓度
Std 1 40 µl 50 µl 10 µl 320 µM 4 µM
Std 2 20 µl 25 µl 55 µl 160 µM 2 µM
Std 3 10 µl 12.50 µl 77.50 µl 80 µM 1 µM
Std 4 5 µl 6.25 µl 88.75 µl 40 µM 0.5 µM
Std 5 2.50 µl 3.12 µl 94.38 µl 20 µM 0.25 µM
Std 6 1.25 µl 1.56 µl 97.19 µl 10 µM 0.125 µM
  1. 流动相 A:3% 乙腈,0.1 M TEAA,pH 7.0(溶于 H2O)。流动相 B:90% 乙腈(溶于 H2O)。
  2. 梯度(针对 250×4.6 mm Discovery C18 柱;请根据实际柱型调整):0% B 保持 15 min → 0–10% B 递增 20 min → 10–100% B 递增 30 min。建议每次运行间用 5 min 100% B 冲洗。(参考文献:Spitzer et al., Methods Enzymol. 2014;539:113–161 ——须根据实际柱型调整。)
  3. 依次进样标准品 1–6 建立校准曲线;记录 260 nm、若可能也记录 330 nm 的色谱图。出峰顺序为先 Uridine(US)后 S4U(S4US)。
  4. 依次进样消化后的 RNA 样本;在 260 nm 和 330 nm 测定 US/S4US 保留时间处的吸光度。全部核苷出峰顺序为:Cytosine、Uridine、Guanine、4-Thiouridine(S4U)、Adenine。
  5. 用标准曲线将峰面积换算为浓度;S4U 掺入百分比 = S4U / (S4U + Uridine) × 100
  6. 绘制掺入百分比 vs. 时间曲线,得到掺入速率动力学。

说明: 若无法进行 HPLC 分析,可将同一份 RNA 用碘乙酰胺进行烷基化处理(Kinetics Kit 模块,货号 061/062),处理后的 RNA 可直接用于 NGS 建库(如 QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2,货号 191–196);可通过在常规单端测序(推荐 SR100 读长)中作为 spike-in 样本,测量 T>C 转换频率来评估 S4U 掺入率。

说明: 由于稳定的 RNA 聚合酶 I/III 转录本(如 rRNA、tRNA)在总 RNA 中占比过高,而在 RNA 聚合酶 II 特异性的 mRNA-seq 文库中被去除,因此基于单核苷消化总 RNA 的 HPLC 检测结果可能会低估真实的 mRNA 掺入率。


Module 3: Anabolic Kinetics Module (Cat. No. 061.24) — RNA synthesis rates

Short pulse-labeling; sample at logarithmic intervals (e.g. 2ⁿ × 15 min).

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C): S4U (1,040 µl), Carrier Substance CS (61 µl), Reducing Agent RA (1,000 µl), Elution Buffer EB (1,291 µl), Iodoacetamide IAA (10 mg, dissolve in 500 µl 100% EtOH), Organic Solvent OS (704 µl), Sodium Phosphate NP (133 µl), Stopping Reagent SR (31 µl), Sodium Acetate NA (159 µl), H2O (1,550 µl).

User-supplied: cell culture media, PBS, 100% ethanol, 2-propanol, TRIzol®, 75% ethanol, chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), incubator, culture plates, 1.5 ml tubes.

模块 3:Anabolic Kinetics Module(合成动力学模块,货号 061.24)—— RNA 合成速率

短脉冲标记;按对数间隔采样(例如 2ⁿ × 15 min)。

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存): S4U(1,040 µl)、Carrier Substance CS(61 µl)、Reducing Agent RA(1,000 µl)、Elution Buffer EB(1,291 µl)、Iodoacetamide IAA(10 mg,溶于 500 µl 100% 乙醇)、Organic Solvent OS(704 µl)、Sodium Phosphate NP(133 µl)、Stopping Reagent SR(31 µl)、Sodium Acetate NA(159 µl)、H2O(1,550 µl)。

用户自备: 细胞培养基、PBS、100% 乙醇、异丙醇、TRIzol®、75% 乙醇、氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)、培养箱、培养板、1.5 ml 离心管。

A. S4U labeling and sampling

  1. Seed cells for target confluence/density at experiment end.
  2. Prepare media with S4U at IC10,ti (typically 50–500 µM; from Module 1, or Appendix E).
  3. At t0, replace media with S4U-containing media; keep plates foil-wrapped.
  4. At each sampling time tx: remove media, lyse cells directly in TRIzol®. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

A. 细胞的 S4U 标记与采样

  1. 提前接种细胞,使其在实验结束时达到目标融合度/密度。
  2. 配制含 S4U 的培养基,浓度为 IC10,ti(通常 50–500 µM;来自模块 1 或参考 Appendix E)。
  3. 于 t0 时刻,将培养基替换为含 S4U 的培养基;保持培养板锡箔包裹。
  4. 于每个采样时间点 tx:移去培养基,直接用 TRIzol® 裂解细胞。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

B. RNA isolation (avoid light exposure throughout)

Same as Module 2, section B, except: resuspend final pellet in 16 µl Elution Buffer (EB) instead of 20 µl. - Note: proceed to Iodoacetamide treatment as soon as possible after elution — S4U can become unstable over time.

B. RNA 提取(全程避光)

操作与模块 2 的 B 部分相同,唯一区别:最终沉淀用 16 µl Elution Buffer(EB)重悬(而非 20 µl)。 - 说明:洗脱后应尽快进行碘乙酰胺处理——S4U 会随时间推移变得不稳定。

C. Iodoacetamide (alkylation) treatment

  1. Dissolve 1 tube IAA in 500 µl 100% EtOH → 100 mM. Use freshly prepared IAA only; process all samples for a given experiment in parallel; do not reuse dissolved IAA.
  2. Mastermix per sample: 5 µl 100 mM IAA + 25 µl Organic Solvent (OS) + 5 µl Sodium Phosphate (NP). (NP may form salt aggregates in OS — harmless, but make a slightly larger mastermix and transfer only the supernatant.)
  3. Mix 15 µl RNA (up to 5 µg, from step B) with 35 µl IAA/OS/NP mastermix; top up to 50 µl with H2O if needed.
  4. Incubate 15 min at 50 °C.
  5. Stop with 1 µl Stopping Reagent (SR); mix. (Light exposure is OK from this point on.)
  6. Add 1 µl CS, 5 µl NA, 125 µl 100% EtOH; vortex; precipitate 30 min at −80 °C.
  7. Centrifuge 16,000×g, 30 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  8. Wash pellet with 1 ml 75% EtOH; vortex; centrifuge 16,000×g, 10 min, 4 °C.
  9. Discard supernatant; air-dry pellet 5–10 min.
  10. Resuspend in 5–10 µl H2O.
  11. Proceed to RNA QC and library prep (recommended: QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2, Cat. 191–196). Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

C. 碘乙酰胺(烷基化)处理

  1. 将 1 管 IAA 溶于 500 µl 100% 乙醇 → 100 mM。仅使用新鲜配制的 IAA;同一实验的全部样本须平行处理;已溶解的碘乙酰胺不可重复使用。
  2. 每样本 mastermix:5 µl 100 mM IAA + 25 µl Organic Solvent(OS)+ 5 µl Sodium Phosphate(NP)。(NP 加入 OS 中可能形成盐聚集,不影响后续反应,但建议多配一些 mastermix,只取上清用于反应。)
  3. 将 15 µl RNA(最多 5 µg,来自 B 部分)与 35 µl IAA/OS/NP mastermix 混合;如需要,用 H2O 补至总体积 50 µl。
  4. 50 °C 孵育 15 min。
  5. 加入 1 µl Stopping Reagent(SR)终止反应;混匀。(此步之后可正常见光。)
  6. 加入 1 µl CS、5 µl NA、125 µl 100% 乙醇;涡旋;−80 °C 沉淀 30 min。
  7. 16,000×g、30 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  8. 用 1 ml 75% 乙醇洗涤沉淀;涡旋;16,000×g、10 min、4 °C 离心。
  9. 弃上清,风干沉淀 5–10 min。
  10. 用 5–10 µl H2O 重悬。
  11. 进行 RNA 质控和文库制备(推荐 QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq V2,货号 191–196)。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

Module 4: Catabolic Kinetics Module (Cat. No. 062.24) — RNA degradation rates

Long S4U labeling to reach approximate steady state, then chase with excess unlabeled uridine; sample over time after the chase.

Kit components (24 preps, store −20 °C): S4U (1,040 µl), Uridine 500 mM (U, 2×1,287 µl), Iodoacetamide IAA (10 mg, dissolve in 500 µl 100% EtOH), Organic Solvent OS (704 µl), Sodium Phosphate NP (133 µl), H2O (1,550 µl), Reducing Agent RA (1,000 µl), Carrier Substance CS (61 µl), Elution Buffer EB (1,291 µl), Stopping Reagent SR (31 µl), Sodium Acetate NA (159 µl).

User-supplied: cell culture media, PBS, 100% ethanol, 2-propanol, TRIzol®, 75% ethanol, chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), incubator, culture plates, 1.5 ml tubes.

模块 4:Catabolic Kinetics Module(降解动力学模块,货号 062.24)—— RNA 降解速率

长时间 S4U 标记以达到近似稳态,随后用过量非标记尿苷进行追逐(chase),并在追逐后按时间序列采样。

试剂盒组分(24 preps,−20 °C 保存): S4U(1,040 µl)、Uridine 500 mM(U,2× 1,287 µl)、Iodoacetamide IAA(10 mg,溶于 500 µl 100% 乙醇)、Organic Solvent OS(704 µl)、Sodium Phosphate NP(133 µl)、H2O(1,550 µl)、Reducing Agent RA(1,000 µl)、Carrier Substance CS(61 µl)、Elution Buffer EB(1,291 µl)、Stopping Reagent SR(31 µl)、Sodium Acetate NA(159 µl)。

用户自备: 细胞培养基、PBS、100% 乙醇、异丙醇、TRIzol®、75% 乙醇、氯仿:异戊醇(24:1)、培养箱、培养板、1.5 ml 离心管。

A. S4U labeling of cells (steady-state loading)

  1. Seed cells for target confluence/density at experiment end.
  2. Prepare media with S4U at IC10,ti (typically 50–500 µM).
  3. At t0, replace media with S4U-containing media.
  4. Incubate up to 24 h, exchanging S4U media every 3 h, foil-wrapped throughout.

A. 细胞的 S4U 标记(达到稳态负载)

  1. 提前接种细胞,使其在实验结束时达到目标融合度/密度。
  2. 配制含 S4U 的培养基,浓度为 IC10,ti(通常 50–500 µM)。
  3. 于 t0 时刻,将培养基替换为含 S4U 的培养基。
  4. 孵育最长 24 h,每 3 小时更换一次含 S4U 的培养基,全程锡箔包裹。

B. Labeling stop and sampling

  1. Prepare "chase" media containing a 100× excess of unlabeled Uridine (U) relative to the S4U concentration used. Example: 100 µM S4U labeling → chase media needs 10 mM U; from 500 mM U stock, add 480 µl per 24 ml medium.
  2. At t0 (chase start), remove S4U media; wash cells 2× with 1× PBS (or compatible wash buffer).
  3. Add the excess-uridine chase media (foil-wrapped/dark to prevent crosslinking of already-incorporated S4U).
  4. At each sampling time tx (up to 24 h post-chase): remove media, lyse cells directly in TRIzol®. Safe stopping point: −80 °C.

B. 终止标记与采样

  1. 配制"追逐"培养基,其中含有相对于标记时所用 S4U 浓度 100 倍过量的非标记尿苷(U)示例:若标记时用 100 µM S4U,则追逐培养基需含 10 mM U;用 500 mM U 母液配制时,每 24 ml 培养基中加入 480 µl。
  2. 于 t0(追逐起始)时刻,移去含 S4U 的培养基;用 1× PBS(或兼容的细胞洗涤缓冲液)洗涤细胞 2 次。
  3. 加入含过量尿苷的追逐培养基(保持锡箔包裹/避光,防止已掺入的 S4U 发生交联)。
  4. 于每个采样时间点 tx(追逐后最长 24 h):移去培养基,直接用 TRIzol® 裂解细胞。安全暂停点:−80 °C 保存。

C. RNA isolation (avoid light exposure throughout)

Same as Module 2, section B (resuspend in 16 µl EB, as in Module 3).

C. RNA 提取(全程避光)

与模块 2 的 B 部分相同(用 16 µl EB 重悬,同模块 3)。

D. Iodoacetamide (alkylation) treatment

Same procedure as Module 3, section C.


D. 碘乙酰胺(烷基化)处理

操作与模块 3 的 C 部分相同。


Appendix: reference S4U tolerance data (guideline only — confirm per cell line with Module 1)

Cell line IC10,12h IC10,24h IC50,12h IC50,24h
Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells 265 µM 55 µM 3,025 µM 380 µM
K562 myelogenous leukemia 2,046 µM 354 µM
MOLT-3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia 2,943 µM 11 µM
MOLM-13 myeloid leukemia 53 µM 15 µM
RN2 acute myeloid leukemia / Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 75 µM 50 µM 4 µM

A short 1-h exposure to 100 µM S4U is typically non-toxic for HEK, MEF, S2, OSC, and Sf9 cells.

Appendix:S4U 耐受性参考数据(仅供参考——请用模块 1 为每个细胞系单独确认)

细胞系 IC10,12h IC10,24h IC50,12h IC50,24h
小鼠胚胎干细胞(mES) 265 µM 55 µM 3,025 µM 380 µM
K562 慢性髓性白血病细胞 2,046 µM 354 µM
MOLT-3 急性淋巴细胞白血病 2,943 µM 11 µM
MOLM-13 髓系白血病细胞 53 µM 15 µM
RN2 急性髓系白血病细胞 / Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 75 µM 50 µM 4 µM

对 HEK、MEF、S2、OSC、Sf9 等常见细胞系,短时间(1 h)100 µM S4U 处理通常无毒性。

Data analysis

Use the SLAMdunk analysis pipeline for SLAMseq sequencing data (as used in Herzog et al. 2017, Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435). Support: [email protected].

数据分析

推荐使用 SLAMdunk 分析流程处理 SLAMseq 测序数据(同 Herzog et al. 2017, Nature Methods, doi:10.1038/nmeth.4435 中所用方法)。技术支持:[email protected]